Levels of blood lipids, glucose and various enzymes implicated in heart and other chronic disease;

Diabetes;

Diabetes is referred to’’ a set of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting by defects in insulin secretions or its mode of action’’. Different pathogenetic processes intricate the development of the disease.

These processes influence the efficiency of pancreatic beta-cells, resulting in insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. Lack of insulin or insulin resistance cause rise in blood glucose level and result in to diabetes. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated to different complications which in long — run leads to dysfunction or failure of organs such as eyes, heart, kidneys, nerves and blood vessels.

Blood Lipid Levels:

Total Cholesterol: Healthy levels typically range from 125 to 200 mg/dL.

LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein): Optimal levels should be below 100 mg/dL.

HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein): Higher levels are desirable, with values above 60 mg/dL considered protective.

Triglycerides: Normal levels fall between 10 to 150 mg/dL.

Blood Glucose Levels:

Fasting Blood Glucose: Normal levels are between 70 to 100 mg/dL.

Postprandial Blood Glucose (2 hours after eating): Should be less than 140 mg/dL.

Enzymes Implicated in Heart and Chronic Diseases:

Creatine Kinase (CK): Elevated levels may indicate muscle damage, including heart muscle.

Alanine Transaminase (ALT): Elevated ALT levels may indicate liver damage.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST): Elevated AST levels can indicate liver, heart, or muscle damage.

C-Reactive Protein (CRP): Elevated CRP levels are associated with inflammation and increased cardiovascular risk.

Role of Diet Therapy:

Saturated Fats: Reducing intake of foods high in saturated fats can help lower LDL cholesterol levels.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Consuming foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (e.g., fatty fish, flaxseeds) can improve blood lipid profiles.

Plant Sterols: Foods fortified with plant sterols may help lower LDL cholesterol.

Exercise Role:

Aerobic Exercise: Regular aerobic activities (e.g., brisk walking, jogging) can increase HDL cholesterol and improve overall lipid profiles.

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